Edward Thorndike
1) He put cats in a puzzle box and closed it. The cats were timed as they tried to find an escape. To get out, they had to open the door by pulling a small lever that they had to find. As they got out they found a bowl of food. He discovered that once he put them back in the box, the cats could find their way out easier and their time in the box decreased, because they memorized their path and learned how to open the door faster after repeated tries.
2) Law Of Effect: It states that if an action produces a statisfying effect, then the individual will most likely want to do it again to obtain the same result, but if it turns out negatively, they will try to avoid doing it again.
Wikipedia. Law Of Effect. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_effect. December 1, 2010.
3) Law Of Excercise: This law states that if a stimulus is presented closely in time to a response, then one will learn to react to that stimulus in a matter of time.
Answers.com. Law Of Exercise.http://www.answers.com/topic/law-of-exercise. December 1, 2010.
B.F. Skinner:
1) Operant Conditioning:reinforcement and punishment change our behavioral tendencies.
2) Reinforcement always teaches us to do a certain behavior because we like the outcome.
3) Punishment always teahces us to stop a behavior because we don't like the outcome of what we do.
4) Negative reinforcement: something is taken away to reward a behavior. This means that we will keep doing it to keep having things we sont like removed.
Positive reinforcement: something is given to us so we will want it when we do that behavior again.
miércoles, 1 de diciembre de 2010
martes, 23 de noviembre de 2010
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov:
1)Pavlov wanted to measure how much dogs salivated by giving them food and gave them the sound of a bell before food came. One day he noticed that dogs had started salivating as soon as he rang the bell.
2)He made a small curjucal procedure on some dog's cheeks and inserted tubes to measure their salivation. Then he put a small wall between him and the dog and gave them food through an opening door. He measured the salivation the dogs produced when they saw the food. He rang a bell before food would come and then gave it to them. He noticed that after a few times of doing this, the dogs anticipated the food as soon as the bell rang, and started to salivate as soon as they heard it. He called this classical conditioning.
3) Conditioned stimulus: to ring the bell before dogs ate their food.
Unconditioned stimulus: the dogs associated the food with the bell.
Conditioned response: the dogs salivated when they heard the bell.
4) its when the conditioned result gradually goes away when the stimulus stops being introduced.
5) its when the stimulus changes to another so one starts to perform the actions they had been conditioned to react to the old stimulus, when they are introduced to the new one.
6) it means to learn to distinguish two stimuli and respond to the one you are conditioned to.
7) the surgery was complicated and risky so it is very difficult to reconstruct, and it was only performed on one specific breed on dogs so it could not work with other breeds or animals.
8) he said that one can learn a certain behavior or act a certain way when they are introduced to a stimulus that indicates us to act a certain way.
John B. Watson:
1) He used a baby called Little Albert. He introduced him to a white rat, to see if he was fearful of it but he reacted in a good way. Then he showed him the rat again but he hit a metal sheet behind the baby to create a fear of the rat associated to the sound. Then, the baby associated the fear to anything furry or that looked like the rat.
2) conditioned stimulus: to create a fear of a white rat
unconditioned stimulus: to hit the metal sheet behind him
conditioned response: the fear to anything furry
3) the experiment is considered unethical therefore it cannot be repeated, and it was conducted only on one child, not on many different people. Also Little Albert was taken out of the experiment before it was completed.
4)
5)
6)
1)Pavlov wanted to measure how much dogs salivated by giving them food and gave them the sound of a bell before food came. One day he noticed that dogs had started salivating as soon as he rang the bell.
2)He made a small curjucal procedure on some dog's cheeks and inserted tubes to measure their salivation. Then he put a small wall between him and the dog and gave them food through an opening door. He measured the salivation the dogs produced when they saw the food. He rang a bell before food would come and then gave it to them. He noticed that after a few times of doing this, the dogs anticipated the food as soon as the bell rang, and started to salivate as soon as they heard it. He called this classical conditioning.
3) Conditioned stimulus: to ring the bell before dogs ate their food.
Unconditioned stimulus: the dogs associated the food with the bell.
Conditioned response: the dogs salivated when they heard the bell.
4) its when the conditioned result gradually goes away when the stimulus stops being introduced.
5) its when the stimulus changes to another so one starts to perform the actions they had been conditioned to react to the old stimulus, when they are introduced to the new one.
6) it means to learn to distinguish two stimuli and respond to the one you are conditioned to.
7) the surgery was complicated and risky so it is very difficult to reconstruct, and it was only performed on one specific breed on dogs so it could not work with other breeds or animals.
8) he said that one can learn a certain behavior or act a certain way when they are introduced to a stimulus that indicates us to act a certain way.
John B. Watson:
1) He used a baby called Little Albert. He introduced him to a white rat, to see if he was fearful of it but he reacted in a good way. Then he showed him the rat again but he hit a metal sheet behind the baby to create a fear of the rat associated to the sound. Then, the baby associated the fear to anything furry or that looked like the rat.
2) conditioned stimulus: to create a fear of a white rat
unconditioned stimulus: to hit the metal sheet behind him
conditioned response: the fear to anything furry
3) the experiment is considered unethical therefore it cannot be repeated, and it was conducted only on one child, not on many different people. Also Little Albert was taken out of the experiment before it was completed.
4)
5)
6)
martes, 9 de noviembre de 2010
come, stop you're crying..it'll be allright.
A research abstract presented in San Antonio, Texas, at SLEEP 2010 on June 9,2010, stated that students that slept more during the day were more proable to have, and presented more symtoms of depression. Most of these students were seniors in high school. They only slept 6 hours when they needed more to be able to maintain alertness thrughout the day. This lack of sleep also affects memory and concentration. I think these are interesting facts because one would never imagine that something as common as lack of sleep could trigger a condition such as depression. It really makes people think over their sleep time and convinces teens that sleep really is important and no one should take it for granted. It also says that sleeping during day time or in classes is not good for your grades AND your mind.
Stop!..Have a time.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents." ScienceDaily, 17 December 2008. Web. 9 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/12/081215074351.htm>.
lunes, 1 de noviembre de 2010
Later start times in school = more sleep = better grades
This study took place in Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorder Center, leaded by Zaw W. Hwte. First they averaged the hours of sleep that students recieved on normal school days, and it turned out to be 422 minutes, which was increased 33 minutes when school start time was delayed 40 minutes. The study proved that more time of sleep can influence the quality of the student
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "High School Students With A Delayed School Start Time Sleep Longer, Report Less Daytime Sleepiness." ScienceDaily, 11 June 2008. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/06/080609071202.htm>.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "High School Students With A Delayed School Start Time Sleep Longer, Report Less Daytime Sleepiness." ScienceDaily, 11 June 2008. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/06/080609071202.htm>.
lunes, 20 de septiembre de 2010
Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage was a 25 year old man that worked in mines in the 1800's. On September 13, 1848, he was working with dynamite and an accidental explosion made a steel rod that he was using, shoot through the left side of his face, tear out part of his eye, and come out through his brain. He survived, but was left with severe damage. His frontal lobe of the brain was left destroyed, he was blind from his left eye and had a dent in lis left cheekbone as well. The damage to his brain made him unable of working so his life became more complicated and he was forced to live by changing jobs frequently, and letting people make fun of him at the circus. The Phineas Gage case taught us about brain localization. This is the study of each part of the brain, where it is located, and what its function is. Different parts of the brain control our actions and are responsible for different parts of our body, like our vision, heart beat, movement, etc. For example, in the lower back part of our brain there is a section of the brain that controls our vision. A little more to the front, there is the Auditory Area, and right next to it is the Speech Area. Brain lateralization is the study of the division of the right brain and the left brain, which are called two hemispheres. Thanks to this, it has been proven that the left hemisphere of the brain controls logic, maths, sciences, studies, rules, physical activity and analytical thoughts. The right hemisphere controls feelings, daydreams, humor, colors, etc.
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/loclat.htm
http://www.theorderoftime.com/politics/cemetery/stout/h/brain-la.htm#What is the theory of "brain lateralization
http://i45.tinypic.com/2dl7ot5.jpg
http://www.theorderoftime.com/politics/cemetery/stout/h/brain-la.htm#What is the theory of "brain lateralization
http://i45.tinypic.com/2dl7ot5.jpg
jueves, 9 de septiembre de 2010
Criminal Minds..Nature or Nurture?
Some households are calm and peaceful, and this is where most of us have grown up. On the other hand, there are parents who don't appreciate their children and beat and abuse them. Studies have shown that criminals nowadays have a record of being abused, either physically or sexually, in their homes while growing up. In some criminals, damage in their frontal lobe of the brain has been found. This part of the brain controls our actions and our feelings and impulses. Some causes may be from nature, because of the mother’s actions. Criminal behavior can start in the mother’s womb and grow later in life, but most cases come from nurture; abuse and neglecting from their parents in their childhood.
To start, it is a fundamental rule for mothers not to drink or smoke during pregnancy, because it may cause birth defects and damage to the child. It can cause deformations, neurological problems, mental retardation, and a very serious problem called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). “The effects of FAS, which include physical deformities as well as mental and behavioral problems, are extensive and last for the duration of the child's life... drinking alcohol while pregnant increases the risk of developmental problems in the brain. This leads to behavioral problems, problems with learning, shorter memories and psychological disorders as well as other negative consequences” (Spencer Hendricks) The behavioral problems that can be caused in the brain can come from malformations in the front lobe which controls our impulses and the way we act and react towards something. FAS is not the only cause for a malformation of the brain in a womb, but it is one of the main reasons. Criminal minds can come from nature.
Although a baby’s growth in the womb is safe, it may not be as peaceful once it is born. The way parents raise their child influences greatly in their personality and what they will become later in life. Studies have shown that most criminals have a record of being physically or sexually abused in their homes during their childhood, and damage in the brain. “According to a 2005 study sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), maltreatment in childhood increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59% and as an adult by 28%. Abuse as a child also increases the prospect of arrest for a violent crime by 30%.” ("Medicine Net") Abusing children from an early age can make them want to let out their rage with other people when they grow up, or make them think that what their parents did to them is normal and ok. It can also cause damages in the brain or mental disorders from the trauma and the hitting and injuring. It can be said that a criminal mind can be nurtured.
To conclude, a criminal mind can come from nature or nurture. Personally, I think most of the cases come from nurture and abusive parents. Studies have also shown that behavioral problems can be formed by problems in the womb, especially the use of alcohol. I believe that a malformation in the brain before the baby is born does not automatically mean this child will be a criminal or anything of the sort, but that behavior can be triggered by abuse or a bad life during their childhood. Criminal behavior can result from nature or from nurture.
Works cited:
-http://www.health-res.com/EX/08-06-14/mri.jpg. September 9, 2010.
-http://www.smamuhiyogya.org/projects/D2D/group10/childabuseG1109_468x329.jpg. September 9, 2010.
-Hendricks, Spencer. "What Are The Dangers of Alcohol to a Fetus?." Ehow. 4/8/2010. Web. 9 Sep 2010. http://www.ehow.com/list_6814684_dangers-alcohol-fetus_.html.
-"Are people who were abused as children more likely to become criminals later in life?." Medicine Net. 4/4/2008. Web. 9 Sep 2010. http://www.medicinenet.com/child_abuse/page9.htm.
To start, it is a fundamental rule for mothers not to drink or smoke during pregnancy, because it may cause birth defects and damage to the child. It can cause deformations, neurological problems, mental retardation, and a very serious problem called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). “The effects of FAS, which include physical deformities as well as mental and behavioral problems, are extensive and last for the duration of the child's life... drinking alcohol while pregnant increases the risk of developmental problems in the brain. This leads to behavioral problems, problems with learning, shorter memories and psychological disorders as well as other negative consequences” (Spencer Hendricks) The behavioral problems that can be caused in the brain can come from malformations in the front lobe which controls our impulses and the way we act and react towards something. FAS is not the only cause for a malformation of the brain in a womb, but it is one of the main reasons. Criminal minds can come from nature.
Although a baby’s growth in the womb is safe, it may not be as peaceful once it is born. The way parents raise their child influences greatly in their personality and what they will become later in life. Studies have shown that most criminals have a record of being physically or sexually abused in their homes during their childhood, and damage in the brain. “According to a 2005 study sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), maltreatment in childhood increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59% and as an adult by 28%. Abuse as a child also increases the prospect of arrest for a violent crime by 30%.” ("Medicine Net") Abusing children from an early age can make them want to let out their rage with other people when they grow up, or make them think that what their parents did to them is normal and ok. It can also cause damages in the brain or mental disorders from the trauma and the hitting and injuring. It can be said that a criminal mind can be nurtured.
To conclude, a criminal mind can come from nature or nurture. Personally, I think most of the cases come from nurture and abusive parents. Studies have also shown that behavioral problems can be formed by problems in the womb, especially the use of alcohol. I believe that a malformation in the brain before the baby is born does not automatically mean this child will be a criminal or anything of the sort, but that behavior can be triggered by abuse or a bad life during their childhood. Criminal behavior can result from nature or from nurture.
Works cited:
-http://www.health-res.com/EX/08-06-14/mri.jpg. September 9, 2010.
-http://www.smamuhiyogya.org/projects/D2D/group10/childabuseG1109_468x329.jpg. September 9, 2010.
-Hendricks, Spencer. "What Are The Dangers of Alcohol to a Fetus?." Ehow. 4/8/2010. Web. 9 Sep 2010. http://www.ehow.com/list_6814684_dangers-alcohol-fetus_.html.
-"Are people who were abused as children more likely to become criminals later in life?." Medicine Net. 4/4/2008. Web. 9 Sep 2010. http://www.medicinenet.com/child_abuse/page9.htm.
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